audio

SA/NA- signal-acoustic/Noise acoustic ratio. 
SE/NE- Signal electronics/Noise electronics ratio.
CYA- Cover your arse (be prepared)

SA/NA

Things to know:

• Need to select the right mic.(omni, cardioid, hypercardioid, shotgun and lavalier)
• Get your source within the mic acceptance angle 
• Tuck noises into field where the recording wont happen (into mic nulls)
• Minimize wind and handling noise (the fluffy thing that wraps round the shotgun mic)

SE/NE

things to know:

• select a mic that minimizes electromagnetic interference
• what settings to us on a camera/recorder

CYA

Things to know:

• use audio bracketing for camera overload protection
• only fool neglects wear headphones

The closer the mic is the better and clearer the audio is going to be. The further away the mic the quieter the sound is going to be. The shotgun mic is better to record from above because wherever you aim it to/ angle it to that's what sound it will pick up. For example if you point it upwards then you would receive all the sound from the sky(airplanes etc). Use shotgun mics by holding it above the actors head to get the best audio without too much background noise.Use a fluffy thing to put around the shotgun mic to block out any wind noise.Clip on mics are better for clearer audio inside like a studio on a talk show because the background noise can be controlled unlike outside. 

colour correction

Colour correction is correcting the colours of images/clips to make them more even. Colour is measured in degrees kelvin. The colours mainly used in videos are red green and blue which is known as RGB. In premiere pro when colour correcting you create your timeline and select your sub clips. You then go to window then workspace the workspace you click on is colour correcting. Once in this work space, in the bottom right corner your video will come up again. at the top right of that box there is a button. Click on it and select RGB parade. Once you have done this you click on the effects button in the top left corner. in the search bar type fast and an option will come up below saying fast colour corrector. click on this and click on effect controls. A colour wheel will come up. with this drag the centre of the wheel towards the opposite side of the colour there is more of on your clips. this will even out the colour. another thing you can do is in the effects tab search RGB and then select rgb curves. then go onto effect controls and 4 boxes will come up. these help you edit the colour of the clips. you can move them up and down and the white one you create curves.

montage finish as homework

Montage: is a series of connected images allows for complex ideas to be extracted from a sequence and when strung together constitute the entirety of a films idealogical and intellectual power. in other words, the editing of shots rather than the content of the shot alone constitutes the force of a film.

Soviet montage: One main characteristic of soviet montage is the downplaying of individual characters in the centre of attention.  Single characters are shown as members of different social classes and are representing a general type or class.

Kuleshov 

 Sergei Eisenstein. Dziga vertov. They found out how to combine and contrast images to get ideas across and how the rhythm and pace of editing, and the use of music, could stir emotions.

the meaning of the film was not only in spatial composition but in the arrangement of the shots.
film created in edit and head of audience.

Evaluate soviet montage. Editing technique/ historical context and how it can be applied as editing technique. detail.

http://learnaboutfilm.com/soviet-montage/

Most modern films follow the 'continuity system' so that the viewers get caught up in the story and don't notice the filmmaking. 

Soviet montage is completely different and offers lots of ways of giving your films impact and making the viewer think about your ideas.

After the 1917 revolution, fresh film stock was in short supply, so filmmakers learnt by experimenting with fount footage (shots from old films), looking at what happened if they put them together in different ways.

Cameras

The Go-pro

The Go-pro camera has advantages. One of these is that the camera will last for 2 hours and 45 minutes without being charged shooting at 1080p, 30 frames per second(fps). It has a better battery life than the newer Go-Pro's.Th Go-Pro has a shrout which makes it simpler and better. It has your average camera uses such as video, camera and burst options. Photos are limited to 5 mega pixels which means its easy and quick to run through them. Not over priced. Its waterproof. Shoots good HD video. indestructible action camera. Has a wide angle lens. A disadvantage is that the battery and camera body are one so you can't take the camera out of the case. It only has 32MB rather than 64 like the newer ones. Photos are limited to only 5 mega pixels. Watch this video for proof on this. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dn5oOVpj0M0

The pocket black magic cinema camera

Advantages of the pocket black magic camera are capable of capturing incredible amounts of detail and dynamic range. At first the pictures look washed out with no saturation which is good because it captures more information than normal camcorder or cameras. it has quick time pro res of 1920x1080. It has 4:2:2 chroma sub sampling. 10-bit sample depth and 220 Mbit/s bitrate. It needs fast SD cards to write the files correctly. Designed in a minimal way.  Only a few pre sets that the user can choose from this isnt a problem because the exposure and colour need to be adjusted in post production. The manufacturer of this said to always shoot at ISO800 to always get the best image. Disadvantage is that a variable ND filter is necessary when always shooting at ASA800.This video gives proof.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKFzEBf-K68

storyboards and shot choices

The connection between storyboards and shot choices is, when you draw or create a storyboard, you need to make sure that the picture you have drew clearly shows the angle of the shot. For example if you wanted the camera to shot this scene from the left side then you need to draw the picture from the side to show the camera will be facing this way. If you didn't clearly show where the camera is filming from, then the shot wouldn't be how you wanted it to be. Also the cinematographer would always be filming from the front because he will look at your storyboard to know where to shot from. If all your pictures are drew with a front view then all of your shots will be as well. The pictures on your storyboard decide what angle the scene will be shot from.


Storyboards are used in production for pre visualisation. This means the director can look at the storyboard and visualise whats going to happen and where its going to happen. It basically tells him the shots of the film before its been shot. Its so he can look at the film and decide whether or not he likes it before shooting it which means it wont cost him as much.

History of editing

The Lumiere brothers

The lumiere brothers, were the first filmmakers in history. They patented the cinematograph, which allowed simultaneous viewing by multiple parties. Their first film was shot in 1894 and is considered the first moving picture. Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumiere was born on the

19th October 1862 and Louis Jean Lumiere was born on the 5th 1864. Their first film was called 'Sortie de l'usine Lumiere de Lyon.

Georges Melies

Georges Melies, was a French illusionist and film-maker. He is a prolific innovator in the use of special effects, accidentally discovered the substitution stop trick in 1896. Georges was one of the first film-makers to use multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves and hand-painted colour in his work. Because of his ability to seemingly manipulate and transform reality through cinematography, Melies is sometimes referred to as the first cinemagician. Melies was also an early pioneer of horror cinema, which can be traced back to 'the haunted castle'. He was born in Paris, France, on the 8 of December 1861.  His first film was 'A trip to the moon'.     

Edwin Porter

Edwin was an american film pioneer, most famous as a producer, director, studio manager and cinematographer with the Edison manufacturing company and the famous players film company. He made over 250 films, one f his most famous being jack and the beanstalk. Porter was born in Connellsville Pennsylvania. His name was originally Edward but he later changed it to Edwin after the democratic politician from Ohio who had served as Abraham Lincolns secretary of war. He had many jobs, such as an exhibition skater, a sign painter, and a telegraph operator. He developed a interest in electricity at a young age. He was born on the 21st of April 1870. Edwin had 7 siblings, older and younger. 

D W Griffiths

David Llewelyn Wark Griffiths was his full name. Griffiths was an american film director, mostly remembered as the director of the 1915 film 'The birth of a Nation' and the subsequent film 'Intolerance'. Griffith began making short films in 1908 and released his first feature film 'Judith of Bethulia' in 1913. His film 'The birth of a Nation' made pioneering use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its immense popularity set the stage for dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. For his pioneering techniques and early understanding of cinema, Griffith is considered among the most important figures in the history of the medium. Griffith was born in Crest wood, Kentucky. He was raised as a Methodist. Griffith attended a one room schoolhouse, where he was taught by his older sister. After his father died when he was 10, his family struggled with poverty. He began his creative career as a playwright but it hardly succeeded with only one of his plays being accepted for a performance. Griffith then decided to become and actor, and appeared in many plays as an extra. He was born on January the 22nd 1875. He created continuity filming.

camera angles

                                                                     




This is a close up. The camera zooms in to the upper body and face.


















This is a mid shot. The camera only shows the top half of the person. From the hips upwards.


















This is a wide shot. This is where the full body is in view. From the feet to the head.
















This is a long shot. This is where there is a view of the surrounding area but the main person is still in the shot just not the main focus.

Pre Production-screenwriting

In screenwriting, there are different features that you will see. These include; a 'fade in' at the beginning of every script, Slug lines that appear in three parts, one being the letters: Ext or Int at the beginning which tells you whether the first scene will be recorded outside or inside. The next being the location of the scene (where it will be filmed) and the last being the time of day e.g. Day or Night. These are always in capitals. There are coverage's, which are the number of different angles a scene is shot from. A sequence, is when, for example, an actor walks out a door into a different room or area, this is the same sequence but a different scene.

The Gaffer and the lighting directors need to look at the beginnings of each scenes so that they know whether they are filming indoors or outdoors and what lights to use.

The film will always be filmed out of sequence. This means all the scenes that will be shot in the same location would be filmed together so you don't have to keep changing location and return to ones you have already been too.

In the script, New characters and props are always mentioned in capital letters. This is so when the first assistant director reads it, they know when the characters or props are first introduced. After writing the characters name, their approximate age always comes next in brackets e.g. (25). Once the characters are named, they will always be referred to as that person, they won't be called by their real names. Sound Effects always appear in inverted commas. When a character speaks, their lines always appear in the middle of the page so that the actors and director know the difference between the speech or the description/actions.

Locations on the script have to always be spelt and written in the exact same way.  An intercut is cutting between two locations.

editing

When editing, You download a video onto (d;drive) as a MP4. Then open Adobes Prelude. You then click on the Injest button and select your video file. The video comes up on the left, double click it and it appears in the middle. There are clips/ slides at the bottom. You go through the video and click on a part that you want to use as a clip, then you press the number 1. Find the end of what you want to use then click the 'O', this makes a sub clip. Make sure to justify to tell the programme you definitely want that video. then you would save the video. when you have done this, all your clips will appear on the left hand side just like at the beginning. you then click on the ... button at the top and click transfer to premiere. Premiere will open and all your clips should appear in here. Including the full video and your sub clips.




Basic Editing techniques.
When editing a video, you load up prelude first as said above. You then go to edit and go to move to premiere pro. Once in premiere pro you double click on the clip you want to edit first. This will come up at the top. When you are working on the clip, there will be a yellow line around the box you are working in. When editing you use different letters on the keyboard to do different things. For example, the 'k' key stops the video from playing, the 'j' key plays the video backwards, and the 'l' key plays the video forwards. If you double click on the 'j' or the 'l' keys your video will play twice as fast. The space key plays and pauses the video whenever you want it to. If you want to play the video but move a single frame at a time then you use the arrow keys. Once you have decided which parts of the video you would like to include, you use the 'i' and 'o' keys. The 'i' stands for in and the 'o' stands for out. This then means you will have a clip. If you are happy with this, you then create a timeline. To do this you click on the clip in the bottom left box that you have worked on and then drag it to the new item button which is at the bottom of that box next to the bin icon. This will create a timeline with your edited clip in the right bottom box. After doing this and once you have chosen what you want your next clip to be, you press the full stop, which will put your edited clips next to each other without any gaps. If your clips don't work and you need to add something in between the two, then you use the comma button to insert the new edited clip between the two already made ones. Your edited video will play in the top right box. When you have your edited clips, if you need to move one or select one you press the 'v' button which will take you to the curser so you can select the clips you want to. If you need to cut a part of your clip, you need to press the 'c' button which will take you to the razor, you can then cut the clip.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SCz2MQYhZY&list=PL38648D595F475331
Creative cow has tutorial videos on youtube showing how to edit using premiere pro.



CODEC- A program that compresses data to enable faster transmissions and decompresses received data.

H.264- a variety of mpeg4. Advanced video coding is a video coding format that is currently one of the most commonly used formats for the recording compression, and distribution of video content.

BITRATE- Central control. the number of bits per second that can be transmitted along a digital network. 1MEGABYTE= 8MEGABITS. The higher the bitrate the higher the image quality and the more you can transmit. more band width needed to stream it.

Workflow- knowing what you're going to do and what things to use in order to get what you want/need. Ingesting~ organising media~ editorial development~ finishing~ mastering~ output and delivery. Between editorial development and finishing is client review.

LOSSY- Degrades image. File sizes can be big.
LOSSLESS- doesn't degrade image. Raw or uncompressed video.

PRORES- A lossy video compression format developed by apple inc. for use in post production that supports up to 5k. It is the successor of the apple intermediate codec and was introduced in 2007 with final cut studio 2. Get a really high resolution image but can still run it through computer because its not too big of a file. good reasonable speed also.


Destructive: cutting up a strip so you dont have one full strip anymore you have a nu,ber of clips.

Linear: you stick them back together in a line.

moviola steenbeck

kinescope  ghosting banding  'hot kinescope'

EDL edit decision list

cmx 600 1971optical disks avid/1              

sub sampling- colours: 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1

Analogue vs digital- when copying an analogue to digital you have no loss.

DVD, DV, Digi Beta

Codek- encoding and decoding- Encoding open and the decoding closed. (smart encoding) (dumb decoding).  Means it can be played on anything because the decoding was always the same.

Production stages

In the Pre Production work, there are 4 stages. These consist of; Development, Pre Production, Production and Post Production.


In the development stage, the people you are most likely to see would be, the producer, The screen writers and the script editors. The development stage is all about the creation of a film. The script would be read through and improved or corrected if anything was wrong with it, For example if it doesn't make sense then it would need to be changed. The script editors would do this. Once the script is locked, it cannot be changed again.

In the Pre Production stage, The people you are most likely to see are; The producer, director, Investors, Line producers, Lighting designers, Location managers and Directors of photography. In this stage, The director would visualize what he wanted to see and what would happen. They would speak to the investors. The investors aim for, if it was all going to cost £1 million pounds, then they would want to get £3 million pounds out of it. They would think about what props etc will need to be bought or borrowed. The line producers would also look at how much it will all cost, for example the people they will need to pay etc. The location managers look at where would be the best location to shot certain scenes of the film. The directors of photography decide what lens and cameras would be best to use.

A Data wrangler would be found between the Pre production stage and the Production stage. The production stage is when the film would start to be filmed. Actors and backstage helpers would begin to appear. Colour corrector would be used here.